Chapter #31 Identifications
A. Mitchell Palmer
Attorney General who arrested 6,000 people who were suspected of being communism. A bomb blew up his house.
John T. Scopes
Teacher that taught evolution I his class and was fined for doing so.
Clarence Darrow
Trial lawyer who represented Scopes and gave trouble to Bryans.
Andrew Mellon
Treasure of Secretary reduced the tax policies to encourage economic growth.
Frederick W. Taylor
improved efficiency in factories with his stopwatch technique.
Margaret Sanger
Feminist who promoted birth control.
H. L. Mencken
criticized society in his newspaper, American Monthly.
F. Scott Fitzgerald
wrote the Great Gatsby and described the period’s glamor and senselessness.
Ernest Hemingway
wrote books that portrayed the lives of the generation affected by the war.
Sinclair Lewis
Depicted materialism and consumerism in the 20’s.
Red Scare
fear of communism.
Sacco and Vanzetti Case
Italian immigrants accused of murder. Although they was not enough evidence, they were still guilty because they were Italians.
Emergency Quota Act 1921
Reduced the number of immigrants coming 3%.
Immigration Quota Act 1924
lowered the number of immigrants 2%
Volstead Act
act passed by congress to make sure the eighteenth amendment was passed.
Fundamentalism
“the demand for a strict adherence to specific theological doctrines”
Chapter #31 Guided Reading Questions
Seeing Red
Know: Billy Sunday, Red Scare, A. Mitchell Palmer, Sacco and Vanzetti
1. Cite examples of actions taken in reaction to the perceived threat of radicals and communists during the red scare.
Many were afraid of the red scare, a fear of communism. This lead to a series of strikes and mail bombs sent to suspected communists. Attorney General Mitchell Palmer arrested 6,000 people. States passed laws that encouraged change, and politicians were denied their office because of their beliefs.
Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK
2. Compare and contrast the new and old Ku Klux Klansmen.
The old Ku Klux Klan group was only against African-Americans taking power. The new Ku Klux Klan was against many: “Catholics, Jewish, pacifists, communists, internationalist, revolutionists, gambling, adultery, and birth control”. They were pro-white Anglo-Saxons who shunned anyone that did not hold the same beliefs.
Stemming the Foreign Flood
Know: Emergency Quota Act, Immigration Act
3. Describe the immigration laws passed in the 1920's.
Many immigrants came from Europe. Because of the people’s fear of the red scare, Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act in 1921, which reduced the number of immigrants allowed to come to America by 3%. The Immigration Act in 1924 reduced the percentage even lower to 2%.
Makers of America: The Poles
Know: Prussian Poles, Russian Poles, Austrian Poles, American Warsaw
4. What factors led Poles to America?
Many Poles were drawn to America by the promise of land and bread. Overpopulation and limited land encouraged many to immigrate to America.
The Prohibition "Experiment"
Know: Eighteenth Amendment, Volstead Act, Wet and Dry, Speakeasies, Home Brew, Bathtub Gin, Noble Experiment
5. How and why was the eighteenth amendment broken so frequently?
Many were used to drinking on a daily basis. So when the Volstead Act was passed to carry out the eighteenth amendment, many snuck alcohol into America.
The Golden Age of Gangsterism
Know: Al Capone, St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Lindbergh Law
6. What was Gangsterism?
Gangsterism is a term related to organized crime and the gang wars during the Roaring 20’s. Due to prohibition, an industry was made for the distribution of alcohol under the radar. Gangs fought for customers and booze. They forced many to pay a “protection” feeThe most evident “gangsterism” was in Chicago, led by “Scarface” Al Capone.
Monkey Business in Tennessee
Know: John Dewey, John T. Scopes, William Jennings Bryan, Clarence Darrow
7. Describe the clash of cultures that took place in schools in the 1920's.
While Professor John Dewey advocated “learning by doing” and John T. Scopes taught about evolution, many criticized the new movement of education by saying that it was discouraging belief in God and the Bible.
The Mass-Consumption Economy
Know: Andrew Mellon, The Man Nobody Knows, Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey
8. Give evidence to prove that America became a mass-consumption economy in the 20's.
Henry Ford was able to perfect his cars and made assembly lines that mass-produced cars every ten seconds. Production was increasing, and many turned to advertisements to sell their products. Bruce Barton began the job of marketing. Mass media helped lured in customers before they knew what they were buying.
Putting America on Rubber Tires
Know: Henry Ford, Frederick W. Taylor, Model T
9. What methods made it possible to mass-produce automobiles?
Fredrick Taylor improved efficiency and productivity of mass-production by using stopwatches on workers to eliminate wasted time. The price for a car was so low that common citizens were able to afford them. In 1929, there was one car for every 4.9 persons.
The Advent of the Gasoline Age
10. What were the effects of the widespread adoption of the automobile?
Because of the automobile, 6 million jobs were created. Workers were needed to make parts, assemble cars, and make road for the cars to travel on. Many were also needed o fill the cars’ need for gasoline. Cars became the main mode of transportations. A million people had died in car crashes by 1951.
Humans Develop Wings
Know: Orville and Wilbur Wright, Charles Lindbergh
11. What effects did the early airplane have on America?
Airplanes were used in World War 1 to spy, bomb and fight. They were used for national mail. Charles Lindberg was the first to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean, making him a celebrity among citizens and a representation of the anti-jazz age.
The Radio Revolution
12. How did America change as the result of the radio?
The radio broadcasted news that drew people back to the family and sit listening to the radio. Sports were popularized, and music became more accepted in homes.
Hollywood's Filmland Fantasies
Know: The Great Train Robbery, The Birth of a Nation, The Jazz Singer
13. What were some milestones in the history of motion pictures?
D.W. Griffith‘s Birth of a Nation was considered the first full-length movie. The movie industry was launched, and Hollywood soon became the capital of the world for movies. Motion pictures were originally used for proproganda in World War 1. Jazz signer Al Johnson was the first to talk in one of these movies without sound.
The Dynamic Decade
Know: Margaret Sanger, Flappers, Sigmund Freud, Jelly Roll Morton, Langston Hughes, Marcus Garvey
14. "Far-reaching changes in lifestyles and values paralleled the dramatic upsurge in the economy." Explain.
By 1920’s more Americans lived in urban arrears rather than in rural areas. Women continued to find jobs and support themselves. The National Women’s Party was formed around this time to ensure equal rights.
Cultural Liberation
Know: H. L. Mencken, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, William Faulkner, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, e.e. cummings, Eugene O'Neill, Louis Armstrong, Frank Lloyd Wright
15. How did the arts of the 1920's reflect the times?
H.L. Mencken was able to criticize society in general in his newspaper. Fitzgerald wrotes books depicting the time period’s glamor and senselessness. Dreiser wrote about the crime of a couple. Hemingway wrote about the empty lives of his generation who had been affected by the war. Anderson revealed the conditions of small towns. Faulkner wrote about his life in the south. Pound and Frost wrote of other countries, like New England.
Wall Street's Big Bull Market
Know: Margin, Andrew Mellon
16. Was government economic policy successful in the 20's?
Congress passed the Bureau of the Budget, which made the rich put their money in other places than the factories. They were able to eventually lower the national debt. However, it cause many to over speculate and go into debt.
Chapter #32: IDENTIFICATIONS Andrew Mellon
Secretary of treasury who managed the budget.
Herbert Hoover
Secretary of commerce
Albert B. Fall
anit-conservationalist, Secretary of the interior to manage natural resources
Robert LaFollette
The Progessive Party nominated him for the election of 1924.
Alfred E. Smith
Democrats nominated him in the election of 1928, but he was disliked because he was a catholic and a drinker.
Ohio Gang
A network of politicials and industry leaders close to Harding during his presidency.
Washington Conference
Harding held the conference in Washington with nine other nations to discuss interest in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Signed by 62 nations, this pact outlawed war.
Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law
Congress increased tariff prices 27% to 38.5%.
Teapot Dome Scandal
Sectary of interior Albert Fall accepted bribes by private companies for oil drilling rights.
Dawes Plan
Charles Dawes came up with the plan to loan money to Germany so it would make it payment to Britain and France which in return would repay America.
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
It increased tariff to 60%as an act of war.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
It would lend money for the programs in the New Deal.
Bonus Army
WWI veterans came together to form the Bonus Expeditionary Force which marched to Washington to demand bonuses for saving democracy.
Hoover-Stimson doctrine
Secretary Stimson sent notes to Japan and China after the Invasion of Manchuria saying that it would not recognize any changes made in China and that it is still “open doors”.
Chapter #32 Identifications
The Republican "Old Guard" Returns
Know: Warren Harding, Ohio Gang
1. What flaws did Warren Harding possess?
He was of average intelligence , lacked vigor, and was gullible. He was not able to see the truth in people and sought to have the best in his administration.
GOP Reaction at the Throttle
2. What pro-business policies were taken by the government during the Harding administration.
Harding appointed four supreme court justices and Taft as chief justice. The Adkins v. Children’s Hospital revoked the ruling in favor of women and labor. All anti-trust laws were set aside for businesses. The I.C.C. was set up to regulate railroads.
The Aftermath of War
Know: Railway Labor Board, American Legion, Adjusted Compensation Act
3. What effects did the war have on the post-war economy?
The government backed away from business intervention and allowed private enterprises. The Railway Labor Board cut wages by 12%, which indirectly resulted in 30% decrease of union enrollment. Congress passed the Adjusted Compensation Act to help veterans.
America Seeks Benefits Without Burdens
Know: Unofficial Observers, Charles Evans Hughes, Five-Power Naval Treaty, Four-Power Treaty, Nine-Power Treaty, Kellogg-Briand Pact
4. How did the U.S. take the lead in disarmament in the 20's?
Unofficial observes were at League of nation Meetings to watch. A Disarment conference was held, where the Five-Power treaty, Four-Power treaty, the Nine-Power treaty was made. Sixty-two nations signed the Kellog-Briand Pact which outlawed war.
Hiking the Tariff Higher
Know: Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law
5. What effects were produced by high American tariffs?
The debt was not being repaied by European nations because the Fordney-McCumber Tariff raised the prices for exported goods from27% to 38.5%. Because they could not export, they were not able to pay their debts.
The Stench of Scandal
Know: Charles R. Forbes, Albert B. Fall, Teapot Dome, Harry M. Daugherty
6. "Such was his [Harding's] weakness that he tolerated people and conditions that subjected the Republic to its worst disgrace since the days of President Grant." Explain
Harding did not or did not want to admit that his administration was dishonest. Forbes as chief of the Veterans Bureau kept $200 million to himself while building veteran hospitals. Sectary of Interior Albert Fall was involved in the Teapot Dome Scandal by accepting bribes. Attorney General Daugherty was suspected of selling liquor permits during Prohibition.
“Silent Cal” Coolidge
Know: Calvin Coolidge
7. Do the nicknames, "Silent Cal" and "Cautious Cal" accurately describe the Coolidge presidency?
Yes, he was a cautious person who thought before he spoke. He was calm and shy, and did not speak much.
Frustrated Farmers
Know: McNary-Haugen Bill
8. What had changed for the farmer since 1890? What had remained the same?
During World War I, farmers provided much needed food to armies. The increased supply still maintained the same prices, so when the war ended, farmers fell onto tough times. Congress passed the McNary-Haugen Bill to keep the price of agricultural goods high.
A Three-Way Race for the White House in 1924
Know: Robert La Follette
9. Why did Calvin Coolidge easily win the 1924 election?
Republicans all agreed on Calvin Coolidge. Democrats were split between “wets” and “drys,” urbanites and farmers, Fundamentalists and Modernists, northern liberals and southern stand-patters, immigrants and old-stock Americans and last turned to nominate John W. Davis. New Progressive party nominated Robert La Follette, but the party fielded only a presidential ticket, with no candidates for local office
Foreign-Policy Flounderings
10. What are the arguments for America canceling the WWI debt of European countries?
Allies said repayment was unfair- protected America until the “Unready” came into battle and the
Allies risked the lives of millions.
Unraveling the Debt Knot
Know: Dawes Plan
11. What were the world-wide repercussions of America’s insistence on debt repayment?
The Dawes Plan, created by Charles Dawe, stated that America would loan money to Germany, Germany would make payments to Britain and France, and then they would repay their loans to the U.S. The plan was simply the cycling of money, nothing was gained by the U.S however on paper the debt was repaid. Though the debt was paid the U.S received a lot of resentment from Britain and France who thought the U.S was greedy.
The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 1928
Know: Al Smith, "Rum, Romanism, and Ruin"
12. Why was Herbert Hoover so much more popular with voters than Al Smith?
Hoover was popular due to the fact he came from poor background and made himself into a millionaire. Al Smith was unpopular due to the fact he was Irish Catholic, a drinker and from the cities.
President Hoover's First Moves
Know: Farm Board, Hawley-Smoot Tariff
13. Did Hoover’s attempts to help farmers produce positive results? Explain.
Farm board was set up by Hoover’s Agricultural Marketing Act so farmers were able to support themselves with the board. Grain Stabilization Corporation and Cotton Stabilization Corp. were helpful in buying surpluses to strengthen sagging prices. The Hawley-Smoot Tariff raised tariff to 60%. However, many were against trend of low tariffs because it slowed down trade and worsened the depression.
The Great Crash Ends the Golden Twenties
Know: Black Tuesday, "Brother Can You Spare a Dime?"
14. What were the immediate effects of the stock market crash?
Business depression was at home and abroad. More than 4 million people were jobless. Banks crashed along with the citizen’s life savings. Honest people lost their homes and farms to foreclosure.
Hooked on the Horn of Plenty
Know: Hoover Blankets, Hoovervilles
15. What causes contributed to the Great Depression?
There was an overabundance of farm and factory products, and production greatly exceeded consumption. As a result, over-expansion of credit created unsound faith in money. Drought caused Mississippi Valley farms to be sold to pay for debt.
Rugged Times for Rugged Individualists
Know: Rugged Individualism, The Great Humanitarian
16. How did President Hoover’s beliefs affect the way he handled the Depression?
Because he did not agree with laissez-faire, he did not pass measures that could have made the Depression less severe. By the end of his term, he eventually started to use the government
to help the people.
Hoover Battles the Great Depression
Know: Muscle Shoals Bill, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Pump-Priming, Yellow Dog Contracts
17. Is Hoover’s reputation as ultra-conservative well deserved? Explain.
Reputation for being a prominent conservative is justified due to his actions against the Bonus Army, his Anti Lassiez-Faire ideology, initiation of the prosecution of gangsters, his dislike of civil rights.
Routing the Bonus Army in Washington
Know: Bonus Expeditionary Force, Douglas MacArthur
18. What happened to the Bonus Army? Why?
Veterans marched on to the capital for cash-payment redemption for their service. When hostilities arose, Hoover ordered the army to forcefully evict the veterans. He deployed tanks/gas/armed soldiers against the camp. Overall, it led to over 1000 civilian's injured.
Japanese Militarists Attack China
Know: Manchuria, Stimson Doctrine
19. How did the Japanese attack on Manchuria demonstrate the weakness of the League of Nations?
The Japanese took advantage of the depression to capture Manchuria. Both the US and the League of Nations wanted to take action as Japanese moves violated “fair play” and more importantly, the open door policy, but the League, without US membership, and with most countries in depression, was powerless to do anything. Despite their ability to do so, the League was hesitant to stop Japan since they were not confident on American support
Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor Policy
20. What was President Hoover’s policy toward Latin America
Hoover sought to seek a friendlier yet more passive relationship with Latin American countries, taking away the Roosevelt Corollary. The policies were well met, as the depression struck American had no intention to resume the economic imperialism they once pursued. Thus the creation of the “Good Neighbor” policy was soon met with opposition from FDR.
Chapter #33: Identifications
Eleanor Roosevelt
Wife of FDR. She was probably the most active First Lady of all time.
Harry Hopkins
In charge of the Federal Relief Administration which gave out $3 billion to states in dole payments.
Frances Perkins
The first female cabinet member as Secretary of Labor.
Father Coughlin
A Catholic priest who gave regular radio addresses discussing his opposition against the New Deal.
Huey Long
Senator of Louisiana who wanted a “share the Wealth” plan and promised every family $5,000 by taking it from the rich.
Francis Townshend
Proposed to give $200 a month to senior citizens.
Harold Ickes
Secretary of the Interior and head of the Public Works Administration.
Alfred M. Landon
Nominated as Republican in election of 1936 and governor of Kansas. He criticized FDR’s spending but supported many of his programs.
Brain Trust(s)
A group of close advisors to the political canidate.
The three R's
Relief, Recovery, Reform
National Labor Relation Board
Also known as the Wagner Act, it guaranteed the right of unions to organize and negotiate
Congress of Industrial Organizations
CIO was a federation of unions of the unskilled headed by John Lewis. They first merged with AF of L but split later. They won the case against the US Steel Company.
Liberty League
Made up of Democrat and Republicans. They did not like the New Deal.
Court-packing scheme
FDR wanted to appoint more judicials on the Supreme Court so it could be in his favor. Congress vetoed no.
Chapter #33 Guided Reading Questions
FDR: A Politician in a Wheelchair
Know: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt
1 What kind of man was FDR?
He was tall, athletic, and handsome but suffered from polio in 1921, and was confined to a wheelchair. He empathized with the “forgotten man”. His wife, Eleanor, was the most active first lady in history. He was a great speaker and the first person to accept the presidential nomination.
Presidential Hopefuls of 1932
2. What was Roosevelt's campaign message in the 1932 election?
FRD preached for a New Deal for the forgotten man. He proved that he was true and attacked Hoover’s spending.
The Humiliation of Hoover in 1932
3. What were the immediate results of Roosevelt's victory?
Hoover lost to Roosevelt 472 to 59 electoral votes. There was a transition of the black vote from Republican to the Democratic Party.
FDR and the Three R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform
Know: New Deal, Banking Holiday, Hundred Days, Three R's,
4. Describe the New Deal.
It was a series of government programs that aimed to help get the country out of the Great Depression. It included relief, recovery, and reform. A banking holiday was first created. The New Deal focused on unemployment insurance, old-age insurance, minimum wage regulation, conservation and development on natural resources, and child labor.
Roosevelt Manages the Money
Know: Fireside Chats, Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Managed Currency
5. What were the key aspects of FDR's monetary policy?
He passed the Emergency banking Relief Act to regulate banks and made the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which promised individuals insurance on their money.
Creating Jobs for the Jobless
Know: Pump Priming, CCC, FERA, Harry Hopkins, AAA, HOLC, CWA
6. Explain the difference between New Deal agencies and what radical critics wanted the government to do.
The New Deal agencies wanted to use federal money on programs so that it would help with the economy. They created programs such as the Civilian Conservation Corps to hire young men to work in national forests. The Federal Relief Administration handed out 3 billion to the states in dole payments. The Agricultural Adjustment Act offered low interest loans to farmers so they could keep their land.
A Day for Every Demagogue
Know: Father Charles Coughlin, Huey Long, Dr. Francis E. Townsend, WPA
7. List other historical demagogues.
Father Charles Coughlin was a catholic priest who gave regular radio addresses about his view on anti-New Deal. Senator Huey Long wanted to give $5,000 to every family by taking money from the rich. Dr. Francis Townsend wanted to give $200 to every senior citizen to help start the economy. Congress started the Works Progress Administration in response. This spent $11 billion dollars to build public facilities and reduce unemployment.
New Visibility for Women
Know: Frances Perkins, Mary McLeod Bethune, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Pearl Buck
8. Explain the factors that made it possible for these women to gain fame.
A decade after the ratification of the 19 Amendment, women finally began to take active roles in society. Frances Perkins was the first member in the Cabinet as Secretary for Labor. Mary McLeod Bethune was head of the Office of Minority Affairs. She served as the highest-ranking African American in the Roosevelt Administration. Ruth Benedict was an anthropologist who wrote Patterns in Culture. Margaret Mead studied under Benedict and helped popularize anthropology. Pearl Buck wrote The Good Earth, which won the Nobel Peace Prize in Literature in 1938. These women served as examples for others.
Helping Industry and Labor
Know: NRA, Sick Chicken Decision, PWA, Harold Ickes
9. How did the NRA attempt to restore industry?
The NRA attempted to combine immediate relief with long-range recovery and reform by assisting in industry, labor, and the unemployed. Individual industries made codes of fair competition that reduced hours for more employment and restore industry. Max work hours and min wages were set up, and gave granted benefits to labor.
Paying Farmers Not to Farm
10. How did the federal government attempt to help farmers?
Congress tried to help by creating the Agricultural Adjustment Act which paid farmers not to farm. However, the Supreme Court declare it unconstitutional and a Second Agricultural Adjustment Act was passed, still encouraging farmers not to farm.
Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards
Know: Dust Bowl, Okies and Arkies, The Grapes of Wrath, Indian Reorganization Act
11. How did nature cause problems for some farmers on the plains?
There was a lack of rain, and strong winds in the Dust Bowl that caused many Arkies and Okies to move to California. It blew away the topsoil of many farm and many were not able to farm crops.
Makers of America: The Dust Bowl Migrants
Know: San Joaquin Valley, Farm Security Administration, Okievilles
12. In what ways were things better in California? In what ways were they the same?
The great depression caused many people from eastern Colorado, northern Texas, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and western Missouri to leave their homes. A fourth of these people, called Okies and Arkies, moved to California. However, California didn’t have as many jobs as Portrayed. The San Joaquin Valley was very similar to the old homes of the migrants. Eventually, Okievilles developed in California, bringing in western music, pecan pie, and evangelical religion to the Far West.
Battling Bankers and Big Business
Know: Federal Securities Act, SEC
13. "Reformist New Dealers were determined from the outset to curb the `money changers....'" Explain.
The Hundred Days Congress passed the “Truth in Securities Act” which requires companies to report honest numbers. The Securities Exchange Commission was set up to watch stocks markets.
The TVA Harnesses the Tennessee River
Know: TVA, Creeping Socialism
14. What arguments were used for and against the TVA project?
The TVA was created to build a series of dams along the Tennessee River. It provided 2.5 million people jobs and electricity for homes. They were determined to find the true cost of electricity to compare the fairness of rates by private companies. Critics argued that it was socialistic.
Housing Reform and Social Security
Know: FHA, Social Security
15. How did the FHA and Social Security attempt to help some of society's least fortunate?
The FHA offered low interest home loans which allowed people to buy homes and build them. The U.S. Housing Authority lent money to states for construction projects. The Social Security Act set up a payment plan to the elderly and disabled.
A New Deal for Labor
Know: Wagner Act, National Labor Relations Board, CIO, John L. Lewis, Sit-down Strike
16. How did labor respond to the improvement of conditions brought about by the New Deal?
Workers responded with a series of strikes and walkouts. Unskilled workers began to organize into unions.
Landon Challenges "the Champ”
Know: Alfred Landon, American Liberty League
17. What was the significance of the 1936 election?
In the election of 1936, the Republicans nominated Alfred Landon, the governor of Kansas. Landon was a hypocrite who criticized FDR’s s[endings but favor the New Deal. FDR won the election 523 to 8 electoral votes.
Nine Old Men on the Supreme Bench
18. Why did Roosevelt ask Congress for a bill that would allow him to add justices to the Supreme Court?
Roosevelt wanted more power because the Supreme Court kept blocking Roosevelt’s New Deal programs. He was viewed as trying to become a dictator.
The Court Changes Course
Know: Court Packing, Hugo Black
19. What were the consequences of FDR's attempt to pack the Court?
Hugo Black was appointed the position of justice by FDR and replaced the oldest justice. His plan failed, and show that Americans did not want to tamper with the justice system.
The Twilight of the New Deal
Know: Roosevelt Recession, John Maynard Keynes, Hatch Act
20. Assess the successfulness of FDR in his second term.
The economy took another brief downturn during the “Roosevelt Recession”. However, unemployment went down by 10%. FDR continued spending, urged by British economist John Maynard Keynes. He was able to gain some authority for administrative reforms through the Reorganization Act. The Hatch Act banned federal officials from campaigning and soliciting, except for the highest officers.
New Deal or Raw Deal?
21. What criticism of the New Deal seems most fair to you? Least fair?
The least fair was that anti- New Deal people criticized the New Deal for wasting money because nothing had been accomplished. Many of the plans in the New Deal were successful. The most fair was when the federal debt increase twice its initial when he left the office due to his major spending.
Varying Viewpoints: How Radical Was the New Deal
Know: Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Carl Degler, Constraints School of Historians, New Deal Coalition
22. What did William Leuechtenburg mean when he called the New Deal a "half-way revolution?" (Your answer should focus more on the information before this term than on the information after it.)
The New Deal was not too radical but not too conservative. There was a balance of power among the branches. The New Deal was simply a response to the Depression to help improve living conditions. Many at the time wanted to reform the government, nor overthrow it.
A. Mitchell Palmer
Attorney General who arrested 6,000 people who were suspected of being communism. A bomb blew up his house.
John T. Scopes
Teacher that taught evolution I his class and was fined for doing so.
Clarence Darrow
Trial lawyer who represented Scopes and gave trouble to Bryans.
Andrew Mellon
Treasure of Secretary reduced the tax policies to encourage economic growth.
Frederick W. Taylor
improved efficiency in factories with his stopwatch technique.
Margaret Sanger
Feminist who promoted birth control.
H. L. Mencken
criticized society in his newspaper, American Monthly.
F. Scott Fitzgerald
wrote the Great Gatsby and described the period’s glamor and senselessness.
Ernest Hemingway
wrote books that portrayed the lives of the generation affected by the war.
Sinclair Lewis
Depicted materialism and consumerism in the 20’s.
Red Scare
fear of communism.
Sacco and Vanzetti Case
Italian immigrants accused of murder. Although they was not enough evidence, they were still guilty because they were Italians.
Emergency Quota Act 1921
Reduced the number of immigrants coming 3%.
Immigration Quota Act 1924
lowered the number of immigrants 2%
Volstead Act
act passed by congress to make sure the eighteenth amendment was passed.
Fundamentalism
“the demand for a strict adherence to specific theological doctrines”
Chapter #31 Guided Reading Questions
Seeing Red
Know: Billy Sunday, Red Scare, A. Mitchell Palmer, Sacco and Vanzetti
1. Cite examples of actions taken in reaction to the perceived threat of radicals and communists during the red scare.
Many were afraid of the red scare, a fear of communism. This lead to a series of strikes and mail bombs sent to suspected communists. Attorney General Mitchell Palmer arrested 6,000 people. States passed laws that encouraged change, and politicians were denied their office because of their beliefs.
Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK
2. Compare and contrast the new and old Ku Klux Klansmen.
The old Ku Klux Klan group was only against African-Americans taking power. The new Ku Klux Klan was against many: “Catholics, Jewish, pacifists, communists, internationalist, revolutionists, gambling, adultery, and birth control”. They were pro-white Anglo-Saxons who shunned anyone that did not hold the same beliefs.
Stemming the Foreign Flood
Know: Emergency Quota Act, Immigration Act
3. Describe the immigration laws passed in the 1920's.
Many immigrants came from Europe. Because of the people’s fear of the red scare, Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act in 1921, which reduced the number of immigrants allowed to come to America by 3%. The Immigration Act in 1924 reduced the percentage even lower to 2%.
Makers of America: The Poles
Know: Prussian Poles, Russian Poles, Austrian Poles, American Warsaw
4. What factors led Poles to America?
Many Poles were drawn to America by the promise of land and bread. Overpopulation and limited land encouraged many to immigrate to America.
The Prohibition "Experiment"
Know: Eighteenth Amendment, Volstead Act, Wet and Dry, Speakeasies, Home Brew, Bathtub Gin, Noble Experiment
5. How and why was the eighteenth amendment broken so frequently?
Many were used to drinking on a daily basis. So when the Volstead Act was passed to carry out the eighteenth amendment, many snuck alcohol into America.
The Golden Age of Gangsterism
Know: Al Capone, St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Lindbergh Law
6. What was Gangsterism?
Gangsterism is a term related to organized crime and the gang wars during the Roaring 20’s. Due to prohibition, an industry was made for the distribution of alcohol under the radar. Gangs fought for customers and booze. They forced many to pay a “protection” feeThe most evident “gangsterism” was in Chicago, led by “Scarface” Al Capone.
Monkey Business in Tennessee
Know: John Dewey, John T. Scopes, William Jennings Bryan, Clarence Darrow
7. Describe the clash of cultures that took place in schools in the 1920's.
While Professor John Dewey advocated “learning by doing” and John T. Scopes taught about evolution, many criticized the new movement of education by saying that it was discouraging belief in God and the Bible.
The Mass-Consumption Economy
Know: Andrew Mellon, The Man Nobody Knows, Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey
8. Give evidence to prove that America became a mass-consumption economy in the 20's.
Henry Ford was able to perfect his cars and made assembly lines that mass-produced cars every ten seconds. Production was increasing, and many turned to advertisements to sell their products. Bruce Barton began the job of marketing. Mass media helped lured in customers before they knew what they were buying.
Putting America on Rubber Tires
Know: Henry Ford, Frederick W. Taylor, Model T
9. What methods made it possible to mass-produce automobiles?
Fredrick Taylor improved efficiency and productivity of mass-production by using stopwatches on workers to eliminate wasted time. The price for a car was so low that common citizens were able to afford them. In 1929, there was one car for every 4.9 persons.
The Advent of the Gasoline Age
10. What were the effects of the widespread adoption of the automobile?
Because of the automobile, 6 million jobs were created. Workers were needed to make parts, assemble cars, and make road for the cars to travel on. Many were also needed o fill the cars’ need for gasoline. Cars became the main mode of transportations. A million people had died in car crashes by 1951.
Humans Develop Wings
Know: Orville and Wilbur Wright, Charles Lindbergh
11. What effects did the early airplane have on America?
Airplanes were used in World War 1 to spy, bomb and fight. They were used for national mail. Charles Lindberg was the first to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean, making him a celebrity among citizens and a representation of the anti-jazz age.
The Radio Revolution
12. How did America change as the result of the radio?
The radio broadcasted news that drew people back to the family and sit listening to the radio. Sports were popularized, and music became more accepted in homes.
Hollywood's Filmland Fantasies
Know: The Great Train Robbery, The Birth of a Nation, The Jazz Singer
13. What were some milestones in the history of motion pictures?
D.W. Griffith‘s Birth of a Nation was considered the first full-length movie. The movie industry was launched, and Hollywood soon became the capital of the world for movies. Motion pictures were originally used for proproganda in World War 1. Jazz signer Al Johnson was the first to talk in one of these movies without sound.
The Dynamic Decade
Know: Margaret Sanger, Flappers, Sigmund Freud, Jelly Roll Morton, Langston Hughes, Marcus Garvey
14. "Far-reaching changes in lifestyles and values paralleled the dramatic upsurge in the economy." Explain.
By 1920’s more Americans lived in urban arrears rather than in rural areas. Women continued to find jobs and support themselves. The National Women’s Party was formed around this time to ensure equal rights.
Cultural Liberation
Know: H. L. Mencken, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, William Faulkner, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, e.e. cummings, Eugene O'Neill, Louis Armstrong, Frank Lloyd Wright
15. How did the arts of the 1920's reflect the times?
H.L. Mencken was able to criticize society in general in his newspaper. Fitzgerald wrotes books depicting the time period’s glamor and senselessness. Dreiser wrote about the crime of a couple. Hemingway wrote about the empty lives of his generation who had been affected by the war. Anderson revealed the conditions of small towns. Faulkner wrote about his life in the south. Pound and Frost wrote of other countries, like New England.
Wall Street's Big Bull Market
Know: Margin, Andrew Mellon
16. Was government economic policy successful in the 20's?
Congress passed the Bureau of the Budget, which made the rich put their money in other places than the factories. They were able to eventually lower the national debt. However, it cause many to over speculate and go into debt.
Chapter #32: IDENTIFICATIONS Andrew Mellon
Secretary of treasury who managed the budget.
Herbert Hoover
Secretary of commerce
Albert B. Fall
anit-conservationalist, Secretary of the interior to manage natural resources
Robert LaFollette
The Progessive Party nominated him for the election of 1924.
Alfred E. Smith
Democrats nominated him in the election of 1928, but he was disliked because he was a catholic and a drinker.
Ohio Gang
A network of politicials and industry leaders close to Harding during his presidency.
Washington Conference
Harding held the conference in Washington with nine other nations to discuss interest in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Signed by 62 nations, this pact outlawed war.
Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law
Congress increased tariff prices 27% to 38.5%.
Teapot Dome Scandal
Sectary of interior Albert Fall accepted bribes by private companies for oil drilling rights.
Dawes Plan
Charles Dawes came up with the plan to loan money to Germany so it would make it payment to Britain and France which in return would repay America.
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
It increased tariff to 60%as an act of war.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
It would lend money for the programs in the New Deal.
Bonus Army
WWI veterans came together to form the Bonus Expeditionary Force which marched to Washington to demand bonuses for saving democracy.
Hoover-Stimson doctrine
Secretary Stimson sent notes to Japan and China after the Invasion of Manchuria saying that it would not recognize any changes made in China and that it is still “open doors”.
Chapter #32 Identifications
The Republican "Old Guard" Returns
Know: Warren Harding, Ohio Gang
1. What flaws did Warren Harding possess?
He was of average intelligence , lacked vigor, and was gullible. He was not able to see the truth in people and sought to have the best in his administration.
GOP Reaction at the Throttle
2. What pro-business policies were taken by the government during the Harding administration.
Harding appointed four supreme court justices and Taft as chief justice. The Adkins v. Children’s Hospital revoked the ruling in favor of women and labor. All anti-trust laws were set aside for businesses. The I.C.C. was set up to regulate railroads.
The Aftermath of War
Know: Railway Labor Board, American Legion, Adjusted Compensation Act
3. What effects did the war have on the post-war economy?
The government backed away from business intervention and allowed private enterprises. The Railway Labor Board cut wages by 12%, which indirectly resulted in 30% decrease of union enrollment. Congress passed the Adjusted Compensation Act to help veterans.
America Seeks Benefits Without Burdens
Know: Unofficial Observers, Charles Evans Hughes, Five-Power Naval Treaty, Four-Power Treaty, Nine-Power Treaty, Kellogg-Briand Pact
4. How did the U.S. take the lead in disarmament in the 20's?
Unofficial observes were at League of nation Meetings to watch. A Disarment conference was held, where the Five-Power treaty, Four-Power treaty, the Nine-Power treaty was made. Sixty-two nations signed the Kellog-Briand Pact which outlawed war.
Hiking the Tariff Higher
Know: Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law
5. What effects were produced by high American tariffs?
The debt was not being repaied by European nations because the Fordney-McCumber Tariff raised the prices for exported goods from27% to 38.5%. Because they could not export, they were not able to pay their debts.
The Stench of Scandal
Know: Charles R. Forbes, Albert B. Fall, Teapot Dome, Harry M. Daugherty
6. "Such was his [Harding's] weakness that he tolerated people and conditions that subjected the Republic to its worst disgrace since the days of President Grant." Explain
Harding did not or did not want to admit that his administration was dishonest. Forbes as chief of the Veterans Bureau kept $200 million to himself while building veteran hospitals. Sectary of Interior Albert Fall was involved in the Teapot Dome Scandal by accepting bribes. Attorney General Daugherty was suspected of selling liquor permits during Prohibition.
“Silent Cal” Coolidge
Know: Calvin Coolidge
7. Do the nicknames, "Silent Cal" and "Cautious Cal" accurately describe the Coolidge presidency?
Yes, he was a cautious person who thought before he spoke. He was calm and shy, and did not speak much.
Frustrated Farmers
Know: McNary-Haugen Bill
8. What had changed for the farmer since 1890? What had remained the same?
During World War I, farmers provided much needed food to armies. The increased supply still maintained the same prices, so when the war ended, farmers fell onto tough times. Congress passed the McNary-Haugen Bill to keep the price of agricultural goods high.
A Three-Way Race for the White House in 1924
Know: Robert La Follette
9. Why did Calvin Coolidge easily win the 1924 election?
Republicans all agreed on Calvin Coolidge. Democrats were split between “wets” and “drys,” urbanites and farmers, Fundamentalists and Modernists, northern liberals and southern stand-patters, immigrants and old-stock Americans and last turned to nominate John W. Davis. New Progressive party nominated Robert La Follette, but the party fielded only a presidential ticket, with no candidates for local office
Foreign-Policy Flounderings
10. What are the arguments for America canceling the WWI debt of European countries?
Allies said repayment was unfair- protected America until the “Unready” came into battle and the
Allies risked the lives of millions.
Unraveling the Debt Knot
Know: Dawes Plan
11. What were the world-wide repercussions of America’s insistence on debt repayment?
The Dawes Plan, created by Charles Dawe, stated that America would loan money to Germany, Germany would make payments to Britain and France, and then they would repay their loans to the U.S. The plan was simply the cycling of money, nothing was gained by the U.S however on paper the debt was repaid. Though the debt was paid the U.S received a lot of resentment from Britain and France who thought the U.S was greedy.
The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 1928
Know: Al Smith, "Rum, Romanism, and Ruin"
12. Why was Herbert Hoover so much more popular with voters than Al Smith?
Hoover was popular due to the fact he came from poor background and made himself into a millionaire. Al Smith was unpopular due to the fact he was Irish Catholic, a drinker and from the cities.
President Hoover's First Moves
Know: Farm Board, Hawley-Smoot Tariff
13. Did Hoover’s attempts to help farmers produce positive results? Explain.
Farm board was set up by Hoover’s Agricultural Marketing Act so farmers were able to support themselves with the board. Grain Stabilization Corporation and Cotton Stabilization Corp. were helpful in buying surpluses to strengthen sagging prices. The Hawley-Smoot Tariff raised tariff to 60%. However, many were against trend of low tariffs because it slowed down trade and worsened the depression.
The Great Crash Ends the Golden Twenties
Know: Black Tuesday, "Brother Can You Spare a Dime?"
14. What were the immediate effects of the stock market crash?
Business depression was at home and abroad. More than 4 million people were jobless. Banks crashed along with the citizen’s life savings. Honest people lost their homes and farms to foreclosure.
Hooked on the Horn of Plenty
Know: Hoover Blankets, Hoovervilles
15. What causes contributed to the Great Depression?
There was an overabundance of farm and factory products, and production greatly exceeded consumption. As a result, over-expansion of credit created unsound faith in money. Drought caused Mississippi Valley farms to be sold to pay for debt.
Rugged Times for Rugged Individualists
Know: Rugged Individualism, The Great Humanitarian
16. How did President Hoover’s beliefs affect the way he handled the Depression?
Because he did not agree with laissez-faire, he did not pass measures that could have made the Depression less severe. By the end of his term, he eventually started to use the government
to help the people.
Hoover Battles the Great Depression
Know: Muscle Shoals Bill, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Pump-Priming, Yellow Dog Contracts
17. Is Hoover’s reputation as ultra-conservative well deserved? Explain.
Reputation for being a prominent conservative is justified due to his actions against the Bonus Army, his Anti Lassiez-Faire ideology, initiation of the prosecution of gangsters, his dislike of civil rights.
Routing the Bonus Army in Washington
Know: Bonus Expeditionary Force, Douglas MacArthur
18. What happened to the Bonus Army? Why?
Veterans marched on to the capital for cash-payment redemption for their service. When hostilities arose, Hoover ordered the army to forcefully evict the veterans. He deployed tanks/gas/armed soldiers against the camp. Overall, it led to over 1000 civilian's injured.
Japanese Militarists Attack China
Know: Manchuria, Stimson Doctrine
19. How did the Japanese attack on Manchuria demonstrate the weakness of the League of Nations?
The Japanese took advantage of the depression to capture Manchuria. Both the US and the League of Nations wanted to take action as Japanese moves violated “fair play” and more importantly, the open door policy, but the League, without US membership, and with most countries in depression, was powerless to do anything. Despite their ability to do so, the League was hesitant to stop Japan since they were not confident on American support
Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor Policy
20. What was President Hoover’s policy toward Latin America
Hoover sought to seek a friendlier yet more passive relationship with Latin American countries, taking away the Roosevelt Corollary. The policies were well met, as the depression struck American had no intention to resume the economic imperialism they once pursued. Thus the creation of the “Good Neighbor” policy was soon met with opposition from FDR.
Chapter #33: Identifications
Eleanor Roosevelt
Wife of FDR. She was probably the most active First Lady of all time.
Harry Hopkins
In charge of the Federal Relief Administration which gave out $3 billion to states in dole payments.
Frances Perkins
The first female cabinet member as Secretary of Labor.
Father Coughlin
A Catholic priest who gave regular radio addresses discussing his opposition against the New Deal.
Huey Long
Senator of Louisiana who wanted a “share the Wealth” plan and promised every family $5,000 by taking it from the rich.
Francis Townshend
Proposed to give $200 a month to senior citizens.
Harold Ickes
Secretary of the Interior and head of the Public Works Administration.
Alfred M. Landon
Nominated as Republican in election of 1936 and governor of Kansas. He criticized FDR’s spending but supported many of his programs.
Brain Trust(s)
A group of close advisors to the political canidate.
The three R's
Relief, Recovery, Reform
National Labor Relation Board
Also known as the Wagner Act, it guaranteed the right of unions to organize and negotiate
Congress of Industrial Organizations
CIO was a federation of unions of the unskilled headed by John Lewis. They first merged with AF of L but split later. They won the case against the US Steel Company.
Liberty League
Made up of Democrat and Republicans. They did not like the New Deal.
Court-packing scheme
FDR wanted to appoint more judicials on the Supreme Court so it could be in his favor. Congress vetoed no.
Chapter #33 Guided Reading Questions
FDR: A Politician in a Wheelchair
Know: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt
1 What kind of man was FDR?
He was tall, athletic, and handsome but suffered from polio in 1921, and was confined to a wheelchair. He empathized with the “forgotten man”. His wife, Eleanor, was the most active first lady in history. He was a great speaker and the first person to accept the presidential nomination.
Presidential Hopefuls of 1932
2. What was Roosevelt's campaign message in the 1932 election?
FRD preached for a New Deal for the forgotten man. He proved that he was true and attacked Hoover’s spending.
The Humiliation of Hoover in 1932
3. What were the immediate results of Roosevelt's victory?
Hoover lost to Roosevelt 472 to 59 electoral votes. There was a transition of the black vote from Republican to the Democratic Party.
FDR and the Three R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform
Know: New Deal, Banking Holiday, Hundred Days, Three R's,
4. Describe the New Deal.
It was a series of government programs that aimed to help get the country out of the Great Depression. It included relief, recovery, and reform. A banking holiday was first created. The New Deal focused on unemployment insurance, old-age insurance, minimum wage regulation, conservation and development on natural resources, and child labor.
Roosevelt Manages the Money
Know: Fireside Chats, Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Managed Currency
5. What were the key aspects of FDR's monetary policy?
He passed the Emergency banking Relief Act to regulate banks and made the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which promised individuals insurance on their money.
Creating Jobs for the Jobless
Know: Pump Priming, CCC, FERA, Harry Hopkins, AAA, HOLC, CWA
6. Explain the difference between New Deal agencies and what radical critics wanted the government to do.
The New Deal agencies wanted to use federal money on programs so that it would help with the economy. They created programs such as the Civilian Conservation Corps to hire young men to work in national forests. The Federal Relief Administration handed out 3 billion to the states in dole payments. The Agricultural Adjustment Act offered low interest loans to farmers so they could keep their land.
A Day for Every Demagogue
Know: Father Charles Coughlin, Huey Long, Dr. Francis E. Townsend, WPA
7. List other historical demagogues.
Father Charles Coughlin was a catholic priest who gave regular radio addresses about his view on anti-New Deal. Senator Huey Long wanted to give $5,000 to every family by taking money from the rich. Dr. Francis Townsend wanted to give $200 to every senior citizen to help start the economy. Congress started the Works Progress Administration in response. This spent $11 billion dollars to build public facilities and reduce unemployment.
New Visibility for Women
Know: Frances Perkins, Mary McLeod Bethune, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Pearl Buck
8. Explain the factors that made it possible for these women to gain fame.
A decade after the ratification of the 19 Amendment, women finally began to take active roles in society. Frances Perkins was the first member in the Cabinet as Secretary for Labor. Mary McLeod Bethune was head of the Office of Minority Affairs. She served as the highest-ranking African American in the Roosevelt Administration. Ruth Benedict was an anthropologist who wrote Patterns in Culture. Margaret Mead studied under Benedict and helped popularize anthropology. Pearl Buck wrote The Good Earth, which won the Nobel Peace Prize in Literature in 1938. These women served as examples for others.
Helping Industry and Labor
Know: NRA, Sick Chicken Decision, PWA, Harold Ickes
9. How did the NRA attempt to restore industry?
The NRA attempted to combine immediate relief with long-range recovery and reform by assisting in industry, labor, and the unemployed. Individual industries made codes of fair competition that reduced hours for more employment and restore industry. Max work hours and min wages were set up, and gave granted benefits to labor.
Paying Farmers Not to Farm
10. How did the federal government attempt to help farmers?
Congress tried to help by creating the Agricultural Adjustment Act which paid farmers not to farm. However, the Supreme Court declare it unconstitutional and a Second Agricultural Adjustment Act was passed, still encouraging farmers not to farm.
Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards
Know: Dust Bowl, Okies and Arkies, The Grapes of Wrath, Indian Reorganization Act
11. How did nature cause problems for some farmers on the plains?
There was a lack of rain, and strong winds in the Dust Bowl that caused many Arkies and Okies to move to California. It blew away the topsoil of many farm and many were not able to farm crops.
Makers of America: The Dust Bowl Migrants
Know: San Joaquin Valley, Farm Security Administration, Okievilles
12. In what ways were things better in California? In what ways were they the same?
The great depression caused many people from eastern Colorado, northern Texas, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and western Missouri to leave their homes. A fourth of these people, called Okies and Arkies, moved to California. However, California didn’t have as many jobs as Portrayed. The San Joaquin Valley was very similar to the old homes of the migrants. Eventually, Okievilles developed in California, bringing in western music, pecan pie, and evangelical religion to the Far West.
Battling Bankers and Big Business
Know: Federal Securities Act, SEC
13. "Reformist New Dealers were determined from the outset to curb the `money changers....'" Explain.
The Hundred Days Congress passed the “Truth in Securities Act” which requires companies to report honest numbers. The Securities Exchange Commission was set up to watch stocks markets.
The TVA Harnesses the Tennessee River
Know: TVA, Creeping Socialism
14. What arguments were used for and against the TVA project?
The TVA was created to build a series of dams along the Tennessee River. It provided 2.5 million people jobs and electricity for homes. They were determined to find the true cost of electricity to compare the fairness of rates by private companies. Critics argued that it was socialistic.
Housing Reform and Social Security
Know: FHA, Social Security
15. How did the FHA and Social Security attempt to help some of society's least fortunate?
The FHA offered low interest home loans which allowed people to buy homes and build them. The U.S. Housing Authority lent money to states for construction projects. The Social Security Act set up a payment plan to the elderly and disabled.
A New Deal for Labor
Know: Wagner Act, National Labor Relations Board, CIO, John L. Lewis, Sit-down Strike
16. How did labor respond to the improvement of conditions brought about by the New Deal?
Workers responded with a series of strikes and walkouts. Unskilled workers began to organize into unions.
Landon Challenges "the Champ”
Know: Alfred Landon, American Liberty League
17. What was the significance of the 1936 election?
In the election of 1936, the Republicans nominated Alfred Landon, the governor of Kansas. Landon was a hypocrite who criticized FDR’s s[endings but favor the New Deal. FDR won the election 523 to 8 electoral votes.
Nine Old Men on the Supreme Bench
18. Why did Roosevelt ask Congress for a bill that would allow him to add justices to the Supreme Court?
Roosevelt wanted more power because the Supreme Court kept blocking Roosevelt’s New Deal programs. He was viewed as trying to become a dictator.
The Court Changes Course
Know: Court Packing, Hugo Black
19. What were the consequences of FDR's attempt to pack the Court?
Hugo Black was appointed the position of justice by FDR and replaced the oldest justice. His plan failed, and show that Americans did not want to tamper with the justice system.
The Twilight of the New Deal
Know: Roosevelt Recession, John Maynard Keynes, Hatch Act
20. Assess the successfulness of FDR in his second term.
The economy took another brief downturn during the “Roosevelt Recession”. However, unemployment went down by 10%. FDR continued spending, urged by British economist John Maynard Keynes. He was able to gain some authority for administrative reforms through the Reorganization Act. The Hatch Act banned federal officials from campaigning and soliciting, except for the highest officers.
New Deal or Raw Deal?
21. What criticism of the New Deal seems most fair to you? Least fair?
The least fair was that anti- New Deal people criticized the New Deal for wasting money because nothing had been accomplished. Many of the plans in the New Deal were successful. The most fair was when the federal debt increase twice its initial when he left the office due to his major spending.
Varying Viewpoints: How Radical Was the New Deal
Know: Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Carl Degler, Constraints School of Historians, New Deal Coalition
22. What did William Leuechtenburg mean when he called the New Deal a "half-way revolution?" (Your answer should focus more on the information before this term than on the information after it.)
The New Deal was not too radical but not too conservative. There was a balance of power among the branches. The New Deal was simply a response to the Depression to help improve living conditions. Many at the time wanted to reform the government, nor overthrow it.
