Questions
Desegregating American Society
1) Jim Crow Laws created separate social arrangements that effect Af. Am. in what 3 ways?
The Jim Crow Laws kept blacks insulated from whites, economically inferior, and politically powerless.
2) What examples does the book list to support this statement, “everywhere I go in the south the Negro is forced to choose between his hide and his soul”?
Six African Americans war veterans were murdered in the summer of 1946. A Mississippi mob had a fourteen- year-old put to death just for staring at a white woman.
3) Who were Wendell Willkie and Gunnar Myrdal and what effect did they have.?
Wendle Wilkie was the Republican canidate for President in 1940, but was defeated. He published a book in 1943, called One World, which called for a world without racial discrimination. Gunnar Mydral was a Swedish scholar who wrote the book, An American Dilema, in which he called forward the irony of America: that it prided itself in "liberty, equality, and humanitarianism", while it's African Americans were mistreated and the deeds were looked over by the government.
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4) How did WWII effect the attitudes of Af. Am.?
The war created rised feelings among the African Americans. They began to speak out and the NAACP were successful in some of their court sessions. The Supreme Court ruled the "white primary" nconstitutional and in Sweatt v. Painter, that seperate schools for African Americans were not fair enough.
5) Who and what was the NAACP?
The NAACP stands for The National Association fot the Advancement of Colored People. For years, they had tried to break down segregation, and was finally able to make small changes during this time. One famous member was Chief Justice Marshall Thurgood Marshall.
6) Rosa Parks role in the Civil Rts movement?
She was an African American seamtress who sat down in the "whites only" section of a bus and refused to give up her seat. Her actions started the a yearlong series of boycotts and strikes that would lead African Americans to desegragation.
7) Who was Dr. King?
Dr. King was a young pastor at Montgomery's Dexter Avenue Baptist Church. He used his oratorical skills and his devotion to the cause to help him lead the movement of the black revolution.
8) What was the “To Secure These Rights” report?
This was Truman's response to the murders of the black war veterans in 1946. In the report, he ended segregation in federal civil service andin the aremed forces. However, Congress was reluctant to pass this, and Eisenhower, Truman's succesor, lacked interest to push the report any futher.
9) Brown v. Board of Edu
The Warren Court unanimously decided thatseperate schools for colored people and whites were not equal enough and was unconstitutional. This went against the court case Plessy v. Ferguson.
10) “Declaration of Constitutional Principles”
When the Deep South heard of the decision in the Brown v. Board of Ed, more than a hundred southern congressmen and senators signed the Declaration of Constitutional Principles to stated thierstance agaisnt desegregation.
11) Ike and civil rits
President Eisenhower was reluctant to promote desegregation or help the African American movement. He could have used his popularity to teach the citizens of the racial injustices and made a dramatic change. Eisenhower was only forced to act when Orval Faubus refused to let nine black students enter an all white high school.
12) Little Rock Nine
Gov. of Arkansa Orval Faubus mobilized the National Guard to prevent nine black students from going to Little Rock's Central High School. Eisenhower sent troops to escort the childrento their classes.
13) Civil Rights Act
Congress passed the first Civil Rights Act in 1957 since Reconstruction. It set up a permanent Civil Rights Comission to ''investigate violations of civil rights and authorized federal injustions to protect voting rights.''
14) SCLC
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference was formed by Dr. King in 1957. It aimed to use the power of black churches to suppport black rights.
15) Sit ins
It started when four black college students in North Carolina sat down in an all-whites returant and demanded to be served. When they were refused of service, they came back in the next days day with more classmates, until by the end of the week, there were a thousand students sitting-in. This sparked a series of sit-in and protests across the nation.
16) SNCC
Southern black students formed the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in April 1960 to help these sit-ins and protests.
The Struggle for Civil rights
17) Kennedy –“with a stroke of a pen”
Kennedy promised to end racial discrimintation by passing laws to regulate treament of races, however, he was very slow and it took him two years to "find the right pen".
18) Freedom rides
Groups of Freedom Riders in 1960 spread out to "end segregation in facilitites serving interstate bus passengers." When southern officials were unwilling or unable to control acts of violence by the white to the Freedom Riders, Washington dispatched federal marshalls to protect the groups.
19) Kennedy & MLK
Kennedy administration and MLK joined partnership to end discrimination. They inaugurated the Voter Edu project.
20) Voter Edu project
Voter Edu project was made to register South's "historically franchised blacks".
21) James Meredith
Meredith was a twenty-nine-year-old air orce veteran who was violently refused enrollment in the University of Mississippi. President Kennedy in response sent troops and marshals to escort him to his class in colonial American history.
22) MLK in Birmingham
MLK lead a campaign in Birmingham, Alabama, one of the most segregated cities in the nationl They voilently resited the desegreagation of blacks, and when MLK and his group marched into the city, they were welcomed by dog attack, electric prods, and jets of water strong enough to move bricks.
23) MLK march to Washington
MLK lead a "March on Washington" in August of 1963 which constitued of 200,000 blacks and whites who were in favor of Kennedy's new proposal to protect black citizens. He gave his "I Have a Dream" speech from the Lincoln Memorial.
Battling for Black Rights
24) Civil rights Act 1964
The Ciil Rights Act of 1964 gave the governement more power to to enforce desegregation in schools and in other public places.
25) Prevent af. Am. voting
The South created poll taxex, literacy tests, or direct intimidation to keep the African American from voting.
26) 24th amendment
This abolished the poll tax in federal elections.
27) MLK in Selma
MLK lead a voting campaign in Selma, Alabama. They marched peacefully to the state battle at Montgomery while state troopers assualted them with tear gas and whips. A Boston Unitarian minister and a white Detroit woman was killed. In response, President Johnson passed the Voting Rights of 1965.
28) Voting Rights act 1965
This outlawed literacy tests and sent federal voter registrars into several souther states.
29) Watts Riot
Five days after the Vocting Rights Act of 1965 were passed, blacks in Watts, a ghetto in Los Angeles, burned and robbed neighborhoods. In the end thirty-one blacks and three whites were dead, and many building were burned to the ground. This "heralded a new phase of black struggle."
30) Malcolm X
Malcolm X was a preacher who trumpeted black separatism.He was inspired by Elijah Muhammed, but later moved away from his preachings and moved toward "mainstream Islam".
31) Black Panther Party
The Black Panther Party openly brandished weapons in the streets of Oakland, California
32) “burn, Baby burn”
Black rioters in Los Angeles burned their own neighborhoods and assualted the police officers and firefighters while yelling out their slogan, "Burn, baby, burn."
33) Not just a “southern” question.
Black concernment had affected the north also, but changed from civil rights to economic demands.
34) Death of MLK
MLK was shot by a sniper in Memphis, Tenesse on Apriil 4 1968. HIs death brought dispair to many and triggered a nation-wide orgy of violence.
1) Jim Crow Laws created separate social arrangements that effect Af. Am. in what 3 ways?
The Jim Crow Laws kept blacks insulated from whites, economically inferior, and politically powerless.
2) What examples does the book list to support this statement, “everywhere I go in the south the Negro is forced to choose between his hide and his soul”?
Six African Americans war veterans were murdered in the summer of 1946. A Mississippi mob had a fourteen- year-old put to death just for staring at a white woman.
3) Who were Wendell Willkie and Gunnar Myrdal and what effect did they have.?
Wendle Wilkie was the Republican canidate for President in 1940, but was defeated. He published a book in 1943, called One World, which called for a world without racial discrimination. Gunnar Mydral was a Swedish scholar who wrote the book, An American Dilema, in which he called forward the irony of America: that it prided itself in "liberty, equality, and humanitarianism", while it's African Americans were mistreated and the deeds were looked over by the government.
.
4) How did WWII effect the attitudes of Af. Am.?
The war created rised feelings among the African Americans. They began to speak out and the NAACP were successful in some of their court sessions. The Supreme Court ruled the "white primary" nconstitutional and in Sweatt v. Painter, that seperate schools for African Americans were not fair enough.
5) Who and what was the NAACP?
The NAACP stands for The National Association fot the Advancement of Colored People. For years, they had tried to break down segregation, and was finally able to make small changes during this time. One famous member was Chief Justice Marshall Thurgood Marshall.
6) Rosa Parks role in the Civil Rts movement?
She was an African American seamtress who sat down in the "whites only" section of a bus and refused to give up her seat. Her actions started the a yearlong series of boycotts and strikes that would lead African Americans to desegragation.
7) Who was Dr. King?
Dr. King was a young pastor at Montgomery's Dexter Avenue Baptist Church. He used his oratorical skills and his devotion to the cause to help him lead the movement of the black revolution.
8) What was the “To Secure These Rights” report?
This was Truman's response to the murders of the black war veterans in 1946. In the report, he ended segregation in federal civil service andin the aremed forces. However, Congress was reluctant to pass this, and Eisenhower, Truman's succesor, lacked interest to push the report any futher.
9) Brown v. Board of Edu
The Warren Court unanimously decided thatseperate schools for colored people and whites were not equal enough and was unconstitutional. This went against the court case Plessy v. Ferguson.
10) “Declaration of Constitutional Principles”
When the Deep South heard of the decision in the Brown v. Board of Ed, more than a hundred southern congressmen and senators signed the Declaration of Constitutional Principles to stated thierstance agaisnt desegregation.
11) Ike and civil rits
President Eisenhower was reluctant to promote desegregation or help the African American movement. He could have used his popularity to teach the citizens of the racial injustices and made a dramatic change. Eisenhower was only forced to act when Orval Faubus refused to let nine black students enter an all white high school.
12) Little Rock Nine
Gov. of Arkansa Orval Faubus mobilized the National Guard to prevent nine black students from going to Little Rock's Central High School. Eisenhower sent troops to escort the childrento their classes.
13) Civil Rights Act
Congress passed the first Civil Rights Act in 1957 since Reconstruction. It set up a permanent Civil Rights Comission to ''investigate violations of civil rights and authorized federal injustions to protect voting rights.''
14) SCLC
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference was formed by Dr. King in 1957. It aimed to use the power of black churches to suppport black rights.
15) Sit ins
It started when four black college students in North Carolina sat down in an all-whites returant and demanded to be served. When they were refused of service, they came back in the next days day with more classmates, until by the end of the week, there were a thousand students sitting-in. This sparked a series of sit-in and protests across the nation.
16) SNCC
Southern black students formed the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in April 1960 to help these sit-ins and protests.
The Struggle for Civil rights
17) Kennedy –“with a stroke of a pen”
Kennedy promised to end racial discrimintation by passing laws to regulate treament of races, however, he was very slow and it took him two years to "find the right pen".
18) Freedom rides
Groups of Freedom Riders in 1960 spread out to "end segregation in facilitites serving interstate bus passengers." When southern officials were unwilling or unable to control acts of violence by the white to the Freedom Riders, Washington dispatched federal marshalls to protect the groups.
19) Kennedy & MLK
Kennedy administration and MLK joined partnership to end discrimination. They inaugurated the Voter Edu project.
20) Voter Edu project
Voter Edu project was made to register South's "historically franchised blacks".
21) James Meredith
Meredith was a twenty-nine-year-old air orce veteran who was violently refused enrollment in the University of Mississippi. President Kennedy in response sent troops and marshals to escort him to his class in colonial American history.
22) MLK in Birmingham
MLK lead a campaign in Birmingham, Alabama, one of the most segregated cities in the nationl They voilently resited the desegreagation of blacks, and when MLK and his group marched into the city, they were welcomed by dog attack, electric prods, and jets of water strong enough to move bricks.
23) MLK march to Washington
MLK lead a "March on Washington" in August of 1963 which constitued of 200,000 blacks and whites who were in favor of Kennedy's new proposal to protect black citizens. He gave his "I Have a Dream" speech from the Lincoln Memorial.
Battling for Black Rights
24) Civil rights Act 1964
The Ciil Rights Act of 1964 gave the governement more power to to enforce desegregation in schools and in other public places.
25) Prevent af. Am. voting
The South created poll taxex, literacy tests, or direct intimidation to keep the African American from voting.
26) 24th amendment
This abolished the poll tax in federal elections.
27) MLK in Selma
MLK lead a voting campaign in Selma, Alabama. They marched peacefully to the state battle at Montgomery while state troopers assualted them with tear gas and whips. A Boston Unitarian minister and a white Detroit woman was killed. In response, President Johnson passed the Voting Rights of 1965.
28) Voting Rights act 1965
This outlawed literacy tests and sent federal voter registrars into several souther states.
29) Watts Riot
Five days after the Vocting Rights Act of 1965 were passed, blacks in Watts, a ghetto in Los Angeles, burned and robbed neighborhoods. In the end thirty-one blacks and three whites were dead, and many building were burned to the ground. This "heralded a new phase of black struggle."
30) Malcolm X
Malcolm X was a preacher who trumpeted black separatism.He was inspired by Elijah Muhammed, but later moved away from his preachings and moved toward "mainstream Islam".
31) Black Panther Party
The Black Panther Party openly brandished weapons in the streets of Oakland, California
32) “burn, Baby burn”
Black rioters in Los Angeles burned their own neighborhoods and assualted the police officers and firefighters while yelling out their slogan, "Burn, baby, burn."
33) Not just a “southern” question.
Black concernment had affected the north also, but changed from civil rights to economic demands.
34) Death of MLK
MLK was shot by a sniper in Memphis, Tenesse on Apriil 4 1968. HIs death brought dispair to many and triggered a nation-wide orgy of violence.